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  1. Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group: Arch Ophthalmol. 2001:119:1417-1436

  2. AREDS Report # 9: Arch Ophthal. 2001;119:1439-1452.

  3. VandenLangenberg GW., Mares-Perlman, JA., Klein R., et al: Associations Between Antioxidant and Zinc Intake and the 5 year Incidence of Early Age-Related Maculopathy in the Beaver Dam Eye Study.Am.J. Epidemiol. 1998;148:204-214.

  4. J. Goldberg, G. Flowerdew, E. Smith, J.A. Brody, and M.O.M. Tso: Factors associated wtih Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Am. J. Epidemiology. 128:700 (1988).

  5. L.M. Rapp, P.L. Fisher, and D.W. Suh: Beta-carotene supplementation and light-induced retinal degeneration. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. suppl. 35:1391 (1994).

  6. Seddon JM., Ajani UA., Sperduto RD., et.al: Dietary carotenoids, Vitamins A,C, and E, and advanced Age-Related Macular Degeneration. JAMA 272:1413-20 (1994).

  7. Allard JP., Royall D, Kurian R, Muggli R, Jeejeebhoy KN.: Effects of beta carotene supplementation on lipid peroxidation in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 59:884-90 (1994).

  8. R. Klein, B.E. Klein, K.L.P. Linton, and D.L. DeMets: The Beaver Dam eye study: The relation of age-related maculopathy to smoking. Am. J. Epidemiology. 137:190 (1993).

  9. Curcio CA., Millican CL., Allen KA., Kalina RE.: Aging of the human photoreceptor mosiac: Evidence for selective vulnerability of rods in central retina. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 34:3278-96 (1993).

  10. Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group: Antioxidant status and neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Arch. Ophthalmol. 111:104-9 (1993).

  11. Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group: Antioxidant status and neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Arch. Ophthalmol. 111:104 (1993).

  12. B.N. Ames, M.K. Shigenaga, T.M. Hagen: Oxidants, antioxidants, and the degenerative diseases of aging. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 90:7915 (1993).

  13. J.S. Penn, and R.E. Anderson: Effects of light history and the rat retina. in: "Progress in Retinal Research," N. Osborne and G. Chader, ed., Pergamon Press, New York (1992).

  14. L.M. Rapp, and S.C. Smith: Morphological comparisons between rhodopsin-mediated and short-wavelength classes of retinal light damage. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 33:3367 (1992).

  15. W. Schlach: Carotenoids in the retina - A review of their possible role to prevent or limit damage caused by light and oxygen. in: "Free Radicals and Aging," B.I. Emerit, and B. Chance Eds., Birkhauser Verlag, Basel (1992).

  16. Williams DS., Roberts EA.: Modification of the daily photoreceptor membrane shedding response in vitro by antioxidants. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 33:3005-8 (1992).

  17. Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group: Risk factors for neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Arch. Ophthalmol. 110:1701-8 (1992).

  18. Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group: Risk factors for neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Arch. Ophthalmol. 110:1701 (1992).

  19. Klein R., Klein BEK., Linton KLP.: Prevalence of age-related maculopathy. The Beaver Dam Eye Study. Ophthalmology. 99:933-43 (1992).

  20. L. Johnson, G.E. Quinn, S. Abbasi, C. Otis, D. Goldstein, L. Sacks, R. Porat, E. Fong, M. Delivoria-Papadopoulos, G. Peckham, D.B. Schaffer, and R.W. Bowen: Effect of sustained pharmacologic Vitamin E levels on incidence and severity of retinopathy of prematurity: A controlled clinical trial. J. Pediatr. 114:827 (1989).

  21. Dorey CK., Wu G., Ebenstein D., Garsd A., Weiter JJ.: Cell loss in the aging retina. Relationship to lipofuscin accumulation and Macular Degeneration. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 30:1691-9 (1989).

  22. Terao J.: Antioxidant activity of B-carotene-related carotenoids in solution. Lipids. 24:659-61 (1989).

  23. Eldred GE.: Vitamins A and E in RPE lipofuscin formation and implications for Age-Related Macular Degeneration. New York: Alan R. Liss, Inc. 113-29 (1989).

  24. J. Goldberg, G. Flowerdew, E. Smith, J.A. Brody, and M.O.M. Tso: Factors associated wtih Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Am. J. Epidemiology. 128:700 (1988).

  25. W.S. Stryker, L.A. Kaplan, E.A. Stein, M.J. Stampfer, A. Sober, and W.C. Willett: The relation of diet, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption to plasma beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol levels. Am. J. Epidemiolgy. 127:283 (1988).

  26. Handelman GJ., Dratz EA., Reay CC., van Kuijk FJGM.: Carotenoids in the human macula and whole retina. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 29:850-5 (1988).

  27. C.K. Chow, R.R. Thacker, C. Changchit, R.B. Bridges, S. R. Rehm, J. Humble, and J. Turbek: Lower levels of Vitamin C and carotenes in plasma of cigarette smokers. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 5:305 (1986).

  28. Handelman GJ., Dratz EA.: The role of antioxidants in the retina and retinal pigment epithelium and the nature of pro-oxidant-induced damage. Adv. Free Radic. Bio. Med. 2:1-98 (1986).

  29. Green WR., McDonnell PJ., Yeo JH.: Pathologic features of senile Macular Degeneration. Ophthalmology. 92:615-27 (1985).

  30. Weiter JJ., Delori FC., Wing GL., Fitch KA.: Relationship of senile Macular Degeneration to ocular pigmentation. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 99:185-7 (1985).

  31. Church D.F., Pryor WA.: Free-radical chemistry of cigarette smoke and its toxicological implications. Environ. Health Perspect. 64:111-26 (1985).

  32. Anderson RE., Rapp LM., Wiegand RD.: Lipid peroxidation and retinal degeneration. Curr. Eye. Res. 3:223-7 (1984).

  33. W.T.J. Ham, H.A. Mueller, J.J.J. Ruffolo, J.E. Millen, S.F. Cleary, R.K. Guerry, and D.I. Guerry: Basic mechanisms underlying the production of photochemical lesions in the mammalian retina. Curr. Eye. Res. 3:165 (1984).

  34. Wiegand RD., Guisto NM., Rapp LM., Anderson RE.: Evidence for rod outer segment lipid peroxidation following constant illumination of the rat retina. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 24:1433-5 (1983).

  35. B.E. Klein, and R. Klein: Cataracts and Macular Degeneration in older Americans. Arch. Ophthalmol. 100:571 (1982).

  36. V.E. Kagan, I.Y. Kuliev, V.B. Spirichev, A.A. Shvedova, and Y.P. Kovlov: Accumulation of lipid peroxidation products and depression of retinal electrical activity in Vitamin E deficient rats exposed to high-intensity light. Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 91:144 (1981).

  38. S.M. Sykes, W.G.J. Robinson, and J.G. Bieri: Retinal damage by cyclic light and the effect of Vitamin E. DHHS Publication FDA 81:8156 (1981).

  39. Noell WR.: Possible mechanisms of photoreceptor damage by light in mammalian eyes. Vision Res. 20:1163-71 (1980).

  40. Kinsky NI.: Carotenoid protection against oxidation. Pure. Appl. Chem. 51:649-60 (1979).

  41. M. Hall, and D. Hall: Superoxide dismutase of bovine and frog rod outer segments. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Com. 67:1199 (1975).

  42. W.K. O'Steen, C.R. Shear, and K.V. Anderson: Retinal damage after prolonged exposure to visible light: A light and electron microscopic study. Am. J.A. Nat. 134:5 (1972).

  43. Bresslez, NM, Bressler SB.: Preventive ophthalmology. OPHTHALMOLOGY 1995; 102:1206-11.

  44. Jacques PF., Halpner AD., Bloomberg JB: Influence of combined antioxidant nutrient intakes on their plasma concentrations in an elderly population. Am. J. Clin Nutr 1995: 62:1288-33.

References on Chinese Herbs

  1. Huang KC.: The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs, 2nd Edition. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1999.

  2. Miller LG., Murray WJ.: Herbal Medicinals: A Clinician's Guide. Pharmaceutical Products Press, New York, 1998.

  3. Weiner MA, Weiner JA.: Herbs That Heal. Quantum Books, Mill Valley, California, 1999.

  4. Reid DP.: Chinese Herbal Medicine. Shambhala Pubolications, Inc., 1986.

  5. Blumenthal M.: The Complete German Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines. American Botanical Council, Austin, Texas, 1998.

  6. Liu C, Deng Y, McIntyre A.: Encyclopedia of Chinese and U.S. Patent Herbal Medicines. Keats Publishing, Los Angeles, 1999.

  7. Keys J.: Chinese Herbs: Their Botany, Chemistry, and Pharmacodynamics. Charles E. Tuttle Company, Tokyo, 1976.

  8. Ehling D.: The Chinese Herbalist's Handbook. InWord Press, 1996.


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